Paper -3 Biographia Litearia ch.-14 : Coleridge

Paper III:

Literary Theory & Criticism

Topic:

              Biographia Litearia ch.-14 : Coleridge

Name: Sagarkumar G. Ladhva

Roll No: 28

Enrollment No: 14101022

Semester: I

Year: 2014-16

Department: M.A. English department

Submitted To: Dr. Prof. Dilip Barad

                                    (Head of English Dept.M. K. S. Bhavnagar University)

Preface:-

                                              Literature form are divided many of parts of language and creation is many verse of individual parts that like Poem, Play, Novel, Prose, Narrative act, Short story and many other parts them include. In them parts of creation most important parts of the Poetry that such good way in imagination to poet mind and his creativity of subject. Many Critic explain to what a poetry and what kind of poetry that main idea of poet mind and his thinking of nature and some other thoughts of thinks. In Gujarti words definition of Poem,

                       “L$pìé A¡ ApÐdp“p¡ Mp¡fpL$ R>¡.”

             But here main questioned that this time what is soul which there of meanings of that what poet ideal view of life to soul and his own mind of represented that what imagination of kindly search him to conscious or intellectual thought.  Here very interesting view on Coleridge  that poetry rising of poet minf and what kindly use of imagery and some metaphor of poem. There structure if very different type of many other way that idea use of life, Nature, Love , Religious thinking, conflict of any other thinks. Than Hindi language poem definition describing that some poetry like:-

“ijsse p7 ke Hmare mn  me Ad ^_aud  sa  rsanuvad  Aaeer kudrt ke Anmol -av ka Anu_av hota hE  wse kaVy khte hE”         

                                                                   In Our Sanskrit literature has been history and meanings of poetry are very Fantastic way of littered works them of that time. What is poem? IS this question that Sanskrit language a explain to differently to them poetry some example are Below-

      KaVySyaTma #vin||                 -  Anandvardhan

                                      Vaakym\ rsaTmk kaVym\ ||     -   Vishvanat

                                                        It is meaning that poetry his idea and thinking to drive that us his own experience and intellectual work is no easy but very scholar thinking and high language use of his imagination  of poetry become beginning in literature.

               Coldrige here Chapter 14 Biographia Literaria  explain of poem rising meaning of poet and his works climb of that poet wordsworth and his view of his put there in chapter 14 .here I put idea this poetry write about their poem and his realization of thinking way higher many parts effect of his awareness and its way of go out there made his inspiration of thought is natural become poem. That Many bearing that motive of inner mind of poet ant wonderful that emotional write to his poet.  His give to many poet inspiration of thinking and kind of thought of linking of our mind change when read this poetry. Here I  image describing that what effect of poetry writing time poet mind develop to awareness of thought and some other many thinks.

                      In this wheel intruded that there poet first interpersonal of life of meme  is drives to needs and  emotional motivate are effect to consciousness of poet mind and after him kinesthetic view connected to spiritual’s life a human nature and any other thoughts.

 Coleridge’s view on poem and prose & Coleridge’s definition of a ‘Poem’.

→ Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)

                            He contributes in number of amounts in English Literature. His some famous and noticeable works are:

• The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
•  Frost at Midnight
•  Christabel
•  Kubla Khan

                        Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher. whose writings have been enormously influential in the development of modern thought. In his own lifetime, Coleridge was renowned throughout Britain and Europe as one of the Lake Poets, a close-knit group of writers including William Wordsworth and Robert Southey, who resided in the English Lake District. He was the leader of Romantic poetry. He is greater than great and a genius of his poetic work as we can look in his poems and by that feeling of nature, romance preciousness we feel. Coleridge was the son of a Vicar. He was educated at Christ’s Hospital, London, where he failed to get a degree. In the summer of 1794 Coleridge became friends with the future poet Laureate Southey, with whom he wrote a verse drama. Together they formed a plan to establish a pantisocracy, a utopian community, in New English. They married sisters, but the scheme fell apart and they argued over money and politics. 

His Subject Matter:

• The most important characteristic of his literary text, he used supernatural elements, great         idalise imagination elements in his poems. 
• Supernatural elements, extraordinary and mysterious that can be found in human nature.

• Nature is not the only subject matter, he also talk about psychology of character.

 His Poetry:

•   Coleridge sees the poetry as a source of knowledge
• The Poem must be cohesive unit with every part working together to build into a whole.
• Philosophy was so important, because it was the sum of all knowledge.  

 Coleridge vs. Wordsworth:

1. Coleridge’s objection to Wordsworth use of term ‘real language of men.
2. According to Wordsworth; ‘Language really used by common man’ and ‘The concern of poetry should be simple, rustic and common life.’ But, for Coleridge; such a generalization cannot exist, for men are individuals by nature. 
3. He thought that lowering diction and content simply made it. So that The poet had a smaller vocabulary of both words and concepts to draw from.
4. Coleridge also combines his theoretical ideas in his poetry. He abandons Wordsworth’s notion of poetry for the common man and uses lofty language, poetic diction and subject matter, while he still holds a reverence for Nature in herent to romantic literature, his poems are not exclusively based around the natural.                                                            This work has so many facts and concerning his education and studies and his early literary adventure. He wrote about his personal views and extended criticism on Wordsworth’s theory of poetry as given in preface of ‘Lyrical Ballads’. And by this work of criticism he supported his own theory of poetry as he wrote in ‘Lyrical Ballads’.Coleridge was also known to many English readers as a talented prose writer, especially as the author of the Biographia Literaria (1817), a literary autobiography;The Friend (1809- 1810), a collection of essays; and Aids to Reflection (1825), a series of aphorisms on religious faith. Coleridge's extraordinary talents were soon noticed by his teachers, who encouraged his reading of classical texts and promoted him to the elite class of "Grecians" destined for the university. Residents of Bristol might have remembered him as a young radical firebrand who delivered some controversial lectures on politics and religion in 1795, while residents of London would more likely have recalled his lectures on literature delivered from 1808 to 1819, which first established his public image as a distinguished man of letters endowed with immense cultural authority in matters of aesthetic theory and practical criticism. However, very few of his contemporaries were aware of the wide range of his prose works, which included a large quantity of newspaper articles, occasional pamphlets on politics and religion, and a vast number of letters, notebooks, marginalia, and manuscript treatises on philosophy and theology. Coleridge's prose gradually became better known during the Victorian period, mainly due to the republication of his major works in England and America, which contributed to his growing reputation as a philosopher, theologian, and literary critic.

Language:

                                       Coleridge language use very beautiful imagination of nature and some good idae of human beings of their  controverse of that modarn image of life of poetic verse.The poetry language is very relize to what can poet own mind and thinking of Experience and some other kinds of the poetry.

• The best part of human language is derived from reflection on the acts of the mind itself. It is formed by a voluntary appropriate on of fixed symbols to internal acts, to processes and results of imagination, the greater part of which no place in the consciousness of un-aducated man.
• The language of poetry undoubtedly comes from imagination. The way, Poet perceives the world and translates it for everyone.

Two Cardinal Points of Poetry by Coleridge:

   

This point Beginning with:

This point Beginning with:

“During the first year that Mr. Wordsworth and I were neighbors, our conversations turned frequently on the two cardinal points of poetry, the power of exciting the sympathy of the reader by a faithful adherence to the truth of nature, and the power of giving the interest of novelty by the modifying colors of imagination.”        

       Coleridge started his essay with the views on two points, which are just fundamental points to talking about poetry:

I.        The power of exciting the sympathy of the reader by a faithful adherence to the truth of nature.

II.        The power of giving the interest of novelty by modifying with the colours of imagination.

         

         The Coleridge given that here Poet inner sense of own mind and becomes relevant    foe using there imagination for think that idea of his conscious and un conscious mind.  In first point about poetry, Coleridge tries to say that a poet write a poem related to nature in very simple form and style. Any people can read and enjoy poetry. So who poet is devoted and loyal to the nature and has power to moving reader’s heart and mind towards the nature is writing this type of poetry and it was decided and by him that William Wordsworth would write poetry dealing with the theme according to first basic point and that type of poem is very near and realistic to the nature and ability to leads out the people near the nature. Coleridge  many differently says that poetic imagination was captured to poet’s wit to mind. So that we can says that like poetic imagination individually person of thoughts. Hence , A some division to under- 
                                                   Coleridge writes that  poetic imagination ‘dissolves, diffuses, dissipare, in order to remake; it struggles to idealize and to join. It is basically vital, even as all objects are essentially fixed an dead’

                                   The idea here is that everything is the world is ‘dead’ and only the poet’s imagination can bring aspects of the world alive, which is the meaning of the word which Coleridge uses ‘vital.’ 

         In this point Coleridge view definition of point out   to two ways:

Coleridge then gives his definition of a poem:

   This definition first uses the AFFECTIVE THEORY:  A poem look for to produce “immediate” “pleasure” in the reader, not to teach a “truth”.  This assertion runs counter to all of the critics we have read since Horace, including Wordsworth. 
   The second part of the definition uses the OBJECTIVE THEORY:  A poem has “organic unity,” a conception, the editors states, which “harken[s] back to Aristotle”.  Organic unity means that all of the parts of a poem must fit together as the parts of an Human Being  fit together, where, if you remove one part, the organism dies.

                        Now in all acts of positive knowledge there is required a reciprocal concurrence of both ,namely of the conscious being, and of the which is in itself unconscious. Our problem is to explain this concurrence and necessity.

                 In second point about poetry, Coleridge drags our attention towards supernatural elements and the events. And he also said that he use to write poems, related with this second cardinal point. He quoted that:

“the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions, as would naturally accompany such situations, supposing them real. And real in this sense they have been to every human being who, from whatever source of delusion, has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency.”  

           And he talks about supernatural elements, too. He said that poet convert poetry and atmosphere of poetry with the help of his self imagination and with mind’s eyes poet can turn all natural things into supernatural. Poet can create an imaginative world with his thoughts. After describing both these types of poetry Coleridge gave example to prove his point. ‘The Lyrical Ballads’-volume of poems written by Coleridge and Wordsworth in collaboration -deals with these two core points. Wordsworth quoted that:

“was to give the charm of novelty to things of every day, by awakening the mind’s attention from the lethargy of custom, and directing it to the loveliness and the wonders of the world before us"

Coleridge divided imagination into two part

 

PRIMARY IMAGINATION:

1.      It acts dependently of human will.

2.      It represents the basic agency of human awareness.

3.      It is the common faculty of every human being.

4.      It enable us to separate, divide and order in order to make perception possible.

5.      And to understand the unity of object.

6.      The primary imagination is a spontaneous creation of new ideas and they are expressed        perfectly.

7.      Primary imagination was for Coleridge, ‘the necessary imagination’ as it automatically balances and fuses the innate capacities and powers of the mind with the external presence of the objective world that the one receives through the senses.

8.    Primary imagination is the consciousness shared by all men while the secondary imagination is limited to poets.

                SECONDARY IMAGINATION:

1.      It represents the conscious use of human power.

2.      The creative gift possessed by the poet.

3.      Secondary imagination is rather symbolic, It produces a form its own.

4.      It helps understanding the unity of universal, like good, divinity, truth, moral.

5.      It represents a superior occulty which could only be associated with artistic genius.

6.      It is more active and conscious in its working.

7.      Secondary imagination selects and orders the raw material and reshapes and remodels it into objects of beauty.

8.      It is mitigated  by the conscious act of imagination therefore; it is hindered by not only imperfect creation, but also by imperfect expression.                              

                                                       In  this we show that primary imagination and secondary imagination that a poet mind derived to importance of some thinking to different way but not only their enough but some also fancy  has importance parts of this idea of thoughts and other kind way of life. Coleridge says that secondary imagination is of fancy. So there time our mind rise question that Which thinks made fancy only nature or life or some natural picture. Is this question answer to Coleridge like:

1.      Fancy is the lows form of imagination because it has no other answers to play with but fixatives and definite.

2.      Fancy; mechanical, imitative.

3.      It constructs images out of new combination  conceptions and memories.

4.      Fancy in Coleridge’s eyes was employed for tasks that were ‘passive’ and ‘mechanical’, the accumulation of the fact and documentation of what is seen.

5.      Fancy is a limited or false parallel of Secondary Imagination. The parallel between the creativity of the poet and that of the cosmos makes us think of Schelling, but in Coleridge’s account there is on consciousness on deliberation of the cosmic creativity, so that the word ‘God’ is perhaps more appropriate here.

                                                Poem is a nature function as Coleridge explaining his idea and view towards it by saying that poem is a heart of reality work that poet convey the feeling by rhyme and that took place as golden shield. A poem, therefore, may be defined as, that species of composition, which is opposed to works of science, by proposing for its immediate object pleasure, not truth; and from all other species (having this object in common with it) it is discriminated by proposing to itself such delight from the whole, as is compatible with a distinct gratification from each component part.

 

• Difference between Poem and Poetry:
  
  
  
  
                         This is the last point on which Coleridge gives hid arguments in this chapter: XVI. He tries to define poetry from poem. He point out in his essay that:
  
  
  “poetry of the highest kind may exist without metre, and even without the contradistringuishing objects of a poem.”
   
  
  
  Coleridge gives examples of writings of Plato, Jeremy Taylor and Bible. The quality of that prose in these writing is equal to that of high poetry. He also said that the poem of any length neither can be, nor ought to be, all poetry. So now the main question is what poetry is and how he differs from poem? The answer is given by Coleridge that it is a distinction resulting from the poetic genius itself, which sustains and modifies the images, thoughts, and emotions of the poet’s own mind. In this essay he says:
  
  
  “the answer to the one is involved in the solution of the other. For it is a distinction resulting from the poetic genius itself, which sustains and modifies the images, thoughts, and emotions of the poet's own mind.”
  
  
  
  
  

  Now I put some example of Guajarati language poem like Ramesh Parekh. He was great thinkers  of  our regional language and that poem are some different of other poetry because his awareness has inflect to our conscious mind or direct or indirectly he give to inspiration of life thinking and listing to very must like that poem.  

  ^]Npτ

  bp‘y“p NY$dp„ b^u S>Zk R>¡, b¡ hps“u Mp¡V$ R>¡.

  ‘l¡gy sp¡ L¡$ eyÂ^ ’pe “lu, buSy„ apV$gp¡ L$p¡V$ R>¡.

  rifp¡lu sghpf“y„ ggV$L$bhy„ hjp£ Sy>“y„ MuV$uA¡

  “¡ apV$ep¡ R>¡. L$p¡V$ L$pmbm’u ApX$uDcu guV$uA¡

  
  

  bp‘y L$l¡sp: '“p¡sfp v$B v$D v$¡dpf bpfp¡V$p¡“¡

  iÓy dpfy„- A¡d ApS> brMep dpfu v$JL$p¡V$“¡'

  v$p¡fpkp¡su kp¡e’u dgL$dp„ v$pêZ lggp¡ L$ep£ 
  “¡ bp‘yA¡ L$p¡V$“¡ L$kb’u L$prsg V¡$cp¡ L$ep£

  
  

  Ðep„ sp¡ 'gp¡lu' A¡d Quk klkp ‘pX$u EW$u Ap„Nmu

  “¡ bp‘y“p V¡$fh¡ fds“u i¡X$ey„ aºV$u “uL$mu

  'Mçdp' 'Mçdp bp‘' A¡d L$lu“¡ bp‘y L$f¡ lpL$gp

  M]X$u’u sghpf“¡ gB“¡ L$f¡ gp¡lu hX¡$ Qp„v$gp

  
  

  ’psy„ bp‘y“¡ : blº iyL$“h„sp Ap‘Zp¡ L$p¡V$ R>¡

  qL$sy„ A¡L$ S> Mp¡V$ R>¡, ApS> Al] “p A¡L$L$e bpfp¡V$ R>¡.

  -         fd¡i ‘pf¡M

  Concluding:

                               Hence, through all the details and faces the concept is clear, Coleridge’s view of poem and prose and he says that;

  Here, David Daiches further writes in A Critical History of English Literature,

  “The employment of the secondary imagination is a poetic activity, and we can see why Coleridge is let from a discussion of a poem to a discussion of the poet’s activity when we realize that for him the poet belongs to the larger company of those who are distinguished by the activity of their imagination.”

  
  

  By virtue of his imagination, which is a synthetic and magical power, he harmonize and blends together various elements and thus diffuses a tone and spirit of unity over the whole. It manifests itself most clearly in the balance or reconciliation of opposite or discordant qualities such as,

   (I) Of sameness, with difference,

  (II) Of the general, with the concrete,

  (III) The idea, with the image,

  (IV) The individual, with the representative,

  (V) The sense of novelty and freshness, with old and familiar objects,

  (VI) A more than usual state of emotion, with more than usual order,

  (VI) Judgment with enthusiasm. And while this imagination blends and harmonizes the natural and the artificial, it subordinates to nature, the manner to the matter, and our admiration of the poet to our sympathy with the poem.