Postcolonial theory or explain some term: Imparlisme,Nataionalisme,Banirisme,Anti-colonolisme,

Topic: Postcolonial theory or explain some term: Imparlisme,Nataionalisme,Banirisme,Anti-colonolisme.

Paper: 11
Paper name:Postcolonial Litertaure

Name: Sagarkumar G. Ladhva

Roll No: 25

Class: MA-II

Semester: 3

Year: 2015
E.No: 14101022

Submitted to: Smt. S. B. Gardi M. K.Bhavnagar University, Department of English.

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Preface:

POSTCOLONIAL THEORY:A theory on and lens for life after foreign rule.

Ø What puts the “post” in post colonialism?

·        Considering “post” is a prefix meaning after, we need to first discuss the history behind colonialism.

Ø WHAT IS COLONIALISM?

                     Colonialism is the physical occupation of territory and post-colonialism deals with the effects of colonialism on cultural and societies. In her book colonialism and post colonialism, she mainly discussed about how colonialism relevant with the person, place or anything.

-         View of Ania Loomba’s

·        An extension of a nations rule over territory beyond its borders. It also refers to the establishment and maintenance of colonies in one territory by people from another country. Colonialism is the process where the sovereignty over the colony is claimed by the colonizer.

The social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by the colonists.

·        Colonialism also refers to the period of history from the 15^th to the 20^th century when European nation established colonies in other continents. Colonialism is the relationship between an indigenous majority and minority foreign attackers.

·        The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people are made and implemented by the colonial powers in pursuit of interests that are often defined by the imperial power.

·        Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population, the colonizers are convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule. I have put a image through idea how the colonize become growth for all world or properly at England. That Map clear to how the all world colonizer in country.

Three central features of colonialism:

1.) The governance of non-European places by European administrators – through economic, political, and military modes
2.)The study of non-European cultures by European academics, scholars, and scientists (anthropology, literature, ‘area studies’)
3.) The slow transformation of native societies (missionary work, European education system, bureaucracy)

Upon this image understanding those racism theories which attempt to Science, Medicine, anthropology, and other disciplines formalized theories of race that justified imperial presence in Asian and African lands.

The difference between the two colonialism:

major differences: "Modern colonialism did more than extract tribute, goods and wealth from the countries that it conquered -- it restructured the economies of the latter, drawing them into a complex relationship with their own, so that there was a flow of human and natural resources between colonized and colonial countries.

Two sides of colonialism:

Colonialism does not end with the end of colonial occupation Resistance begins before the end of colonial occupation¤ the historical whereby the “West” attempts systematically to cancel or negate the cultural difference and value of the “non-West” (Leela Gandhi,1998)

Colonial critique – deals with imperialistic views

Post-colonial criticism – examines the effects of imperialistic views in postcolonial society.

We also so that colonialism as a movement of flow of migration or many time world history writing of colonize people. Let’s we see that how Flows of Migrants:

Post-colonialism does not emphasis a new, technologically advanced media world…It emphasizes the importance of the cultural, economic, political and military dominance of the past. The absence of non-white images in the media visually suggests a dominance of white culture.These colonies eventually became independent and set up their own governments.

However, it can be argued that much of the culture of the imperial countries (eg. Their language) still lingers on in the former colonies as a reminder of colonial rule. Also, the process of decolonization has not prevented the Western powers from tightening their economic grip on the rest of the world. The wealth of economically developed countries increasingly depends on the cheap labor and raw materials supplied by the Third World.

Here we see that image postcolonial theory is representing many of idea construct to different way to explain their own culture or many of things.

When we read that postcolonial theory that many time raise to question that Why were people colonized?

Answer Like :

Social Darwinism:

·        Eurocentrism

·        Universalism

·        Colonialism is nature

White Man’s Burden

 * What was thought to be an obligation to “civilize” non-European people.

Postcolonial theory attempts to focus on the oppression of those who were ruled under colonization. Factors include:

Ø Political oppression

Ø Economic

Ø Social/cultural oppression

Ø Psychological oppression

 v How the colonized was oppressed?

Post-colonial theorist believes that the colonizers (generally Europeans): Imposed their own values onto those colonized so that they were internalized

Social/ Cultural- Spanish language/Catholic Religion in the Carribean

Political- Drew the boundaries of Africa based on European politics rather than tribal interests.

v How did the oppressed escape?

Post-colonial theorist also analyzed the processes by which those who were colonized resisted the colonizers.

Ø Examples:

ü Haiti

ü South Africa

ü India

What happens after colonization?

ü    What language do you speak?

ü    What culture do you follow?

ü    Hybridization and Double Consciousness

ü    Awareness of culture before colonized and during colonization and what emerged as a result.

Post colonisem represent with some point note out like:

§  Cultural as stereotypes.

§  Western culture has often defined itself in relation to the ‘other’ of non-Western cultures.

§  The ‘other’ is seen as exotic…exciting…dangerous…romantic…mysterious…threatening.

§  Complex, sophisticated cultures are reduced to a few simple workings.

§  EG. Advertisers offer consumers a “taste of the East” or “the mysteries of the Orient”

Postcolonial Theorist:

 In post colonialism study many theories different way to argue that opposite meanings and suck kind take many resource provide to us that how can we make colonize people. Many terms is useful to when we understanding of post colonialism. Their name was such kind:

             Here we discuses to selected of important term in understanding from post-colonialism.

v Imperialism:

Not a synonym of colonialism also a rule by a European nation on a non-European. Practice of governance through ‘remote control’, without actual settlement.

Ø Imperialism is the ideology to justify colonial rule.

Ø Conquest of newer regions for the sake of economic     exploitation.

Ø Political theory behind colonial conquest.

Ø Originates from European centers of political, military, and economic power and spreads outwards to take in the whole earth.

Ø justifies conquest in the name of evangelicalism (uplift the pagans),

Ø economy (for the good of the European nation) or

Ø politics ( the defense of democracy).

Non-European region on the periphery and controls it mostly through economic measures (slave labour, capitalism, trade restrictions may be accompanied by political and military control) Eg: Iraq, Afghanistan,

Ø Imperialism is the theory and colonialism is the practice.

                     The term as such primarily has been applied to Western political and economic dominance in the 19th and 20th centuries. Some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organized with an imperial center. 

§  According to Marxist theorist Vladimir Lenin, imperialism is a natural feature of a developed capitalist nation state as it matures into monopoly capitalism. In his work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism.

§  Lewis Samuel Feuer identifies two major subtypes of imperialism;

§   i) Regressive imperialism

§   ii) Progressive imperialism

Economic Motives of Imperialism:

          Industrialized nations sought:

•         Raw materials

•         Natural resources

•         A cheap labor supply

•         New marketplaces for manufactured goods

                            In short we can say that Imperialism is the policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily. 

Next we explain to Nationalism term which may be control of many of ruling governance. If you watch this image than really understood Imperialism concert to human beings.

Nationalism:

§  Nationalism is a strong feeling a person or a group of people have towards their own country. Nationalism can either bring people of a country together or tear them apart. Nationalism is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation.

§  Nationalism involves national identity, by contrast with the related construct of loyalty which involves the social conditioning and personal behaviors that support a state's decisions and actions.

§  From a political or sociological perspective, there are two main perspectives on the origins and basis of nationalism.

 •      A nation is a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history.

•      The concept of "nation" is related to "ethnic community" or ethnic.

•      National flags, national anthems and other symbols of national identity are commonly considered highly important symbols of the national community.

•      “Nationalism is an infantile thing. It is the measles of mankind.”

                                                                                    ― Albert Einstein

ü Nationalism connects individuals to the state

ü Nationalism connects individuals

o   they become sentimentally attached to the homeland

o   they gain a sense of identity and self-esteem through their national identification

o   they are motivated to help their fellow nationals and countries

ü Nationalism is a “process”

ü Before, nations were generally assumed to be old; they could be traced back to the early Middle age.

ü Today, both nation and nationalism are understood as modern phenomena.

o   The nation is a product of nationalist ideologies.

o   The nationalism is an expression of modern, industrial society.

Elements of Nationalism:

In Europe in the 1800s,devional; to one’s national group, or nationalism clean through the continent. The elements of nationalism listed below help bond a nation together.

How is history an element of nationalism?

Culture: Shared beliefs and way of life create a common bond.

History: A shared past connects people as a group.

Religion: A common religion helps unite people.

Language: A common language is a key of nationalism.

Territory: A shared land gives people a sense of unity.

                              In last nationalism term very huge context with nation or related to nation things. So we can call that Nationalist Psychology and the Psychology of Nationhood.

 Orientalism:

                            "Orientalism” is a way of seeing that imagines, emphasizes, exaggerates and distorts differences of Arab peoples and cultures as compared to that of Europe and the U.S. It often involves seeing Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilized, and at times dangerous. Edward W. Said, in his groundbreaking book, Orientalism, defined it as the acceptance in the West of “the basic distinction between East and West.

•      Examples of early Orientalism can be seen in European paintings and photographs and also in images from the World’s Fair in the U.S. in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

•      Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between;

“Orientalism (1978) by the Palestinian-American scholar from of Michel Foucault’s historicist critique of discourages to analyze what he called “cultural imperialism”. This mode of disseminating in subjugated colonies a Eurocentric discourage that assumed the normality and preeminence of every representations of the “Oriental” as an orientalist is now sometimes applied to cultural imperialism by means of the control of discourage, not only in the orient, but anywhere in the world.

                        -    [From M.H. Abrams- A Handbook of Literary Terms]

When Edward Said, in about Orientalism is generally means to a mental exercise and mental archrival. Orientalism undermines.i.e. Latin America was colonized and Span was of colonizers. Colonies were getting exploitation for Materialisms.

Exotic East   - East is East and West is West is main idea about represent.

Ø Exotic East means to Maharaja's portrayals, that how they are portrayed in it. There media also plays vital role because how they are portraying.

Ø Differentiation creates problems especially political problems.

Ø There Michel Foucault also gives views. 

Ø Here comes ‘Hegemony’ , that means we have to be exceptional and if we do not then we becomes hegemonic.

Ø Michel Foucault gives these two ideas:

                               I.            Nation of Discourse

                            II.            Idea of Power

Ø Occident means the hemisphere that includes North America and South America = New world or Western hemisphere.

Ø Orient is not an airy European fantasy .

Ø Structure of Orientalism is nothing more than a structure of lies or of myths.

 Early Orientalists:

Anti - colonalism:

Binarism :

Contemporary post structuralist and feminist theories have demonstrated the extent to which such binaries entail has a violent hierarchy.

Example:

White over Black

To sum up:

                    In that we give Post-colonialism idea is largely connected with power position or hegemony. Such as a many other thinks. There we  also  our eyes open that this thinks it may be possible to study of postcolonial term.

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